{"id":6517,"date":"2017-07-23T08:57:48","date_gmt":"2017-07-23T06:57:48","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/latelierdediablotin.fr\/WordPress3\/?p=6517"},"modified":"2017-07-27T07:26:22","modified_gmt":"2017-07-27T05:26:22","slug":"lecture-en-cours-les-innovateurs","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/latelierdediablotin.fr\/WordPress3\/lecture-en-cours-les-innovateurs\/","title":{"rendered":"Lecture en cours. Les Innovateurs."},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/a>Parmi mes lectures en cours figure ce tr\u00e8s int\u00e9ressant et remarquablement instructif ouvrage, qui se lit comme un roman sans en \u00eatre tout-\u00e0-fait un : \u00ab\u00a0Les innovateurs\u00a0\u00bb<\/strong>, de Walter Isaacson. Il raconte \u00ab\u00a0comment un groupe de g\u00e9nies, hackers et geeks a fait la r\u00e9volution num\u00e9rique\u00a0\u00bb, au travers d’une suite de portraits de personnages plus ou moins pass\u00e9s \u00e0 la post\u00e9rit\u00e9. –Cliquer sur l’image pour la voir en plus grand<\/em>-.<\/p>\n

L’histoire d\u00e9bute au milieu du 19me si\u00e8cle avec la construction de \u00ab\u00a0la machine \u00e0 diff\u00e9rences\u00a0\u00bb de Charles Babbage et les pens\u00e9es visionnaires d’Ada Lovelace –fille du po\u00e8te Byron<\/em>– quant aux possibilit\u00e9s offertes par l’utilisation de cette machine analytique, pour laquelle elle \u00e9crivit ce qui constitue vraisemblablement le premier algorithme de programmation jamais con\u00e7u.<\/p>\n

Elle se poursuit avec le passage en revue de toutes ces machines successives, sur fond de cryptologie militaire -machine de Turing- et de luttes implacables entre fortes personnalit\u00e9s -comme lors de l’invention, primordiale, du transistor, marqu\u00e9e par une belle querelle d’ego- pour cr\u00e9er le premier \u00ab\u00a0ordinateur\u00a0\u00bb r\u00e9pondant totalement aux cinq crit\u00e8res d\u00e9finissant cet objet entr\u00e9 dans les usages : \u2022 \u00e9lectronique \u2022 num\u00e9rique \u2022 programmable \u2022<\/strong> capable de r\u00e9soudre les quatre op\u00e9rations math\u00e9matiques \u00e9l\u00e9mentaires<\/strong> \u2022 capable d’ex\u00e9cuter des programmes enregistr\u00e9s en m\u00e9moire<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

La premi\u00e8re r\u00e9alisation r\u00e9pondant totalement \u00e0 l’ensemble de ces crit\u00e8res fut l’ENIAC –Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer<\/em>-, op\u00e9rationnel \u00e0 partir de f\u00e9vrier 1946, construit par une \u00e9quipe de chercheurs am\u00e9ricains \u00e0 des fins militaires : il devait \u00eatre capable de calculer des trajectoires balistiques. Il poss\u00e9dait une puissance de calcul tr\u00e8s sup\u00e9rieure aux autres machines \u00e9lectrom\u00e9caniques con\u00e7ues \u00e0 la m\u00eame \u00e9poque, bien que ne fonctionnant pas en mode binaire –il utilisait le syst\u00e8me d\u00e9cimal<\/em>-.
\nC’est aussi \u00e0 l’ENIAC que l’on doit le concept de \u00ab\u00a0bug\u00a0\u00bb : les papillons de nuit –bug = insecte<\/em>– attir\u00e9s par la lumi\u00e8re et la chaleur de ses tubes venaient s’y griller, d\u00e9clenchant des pannes nombreuses –les lampes \u00e9taient mont\u00e9es en s\u00e9rie<\/em>-.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

On entre alors dans la seconde moiti\u00e9 du 20\u00e8me si\u00e8cle, le d\u00e9veloppement du transistor permet une miniaturisation sans cesse accrue, puis la construction de circuits int\u00e9gr\u00e9s, qui accro\u00eet encore cette miniaturisation, autorise peu \u00e0 peu l’\u00e9mergence des \u00ab\u00a0ordinateurs personnels\u00a0\u00bb, favoris\u00e9e, le croirez-vous, par la culture hippie et le flower-power !<\/p>\n

Parall\u00e8lement, des recherches sur la mise en r\u00e9seau des terminaux, \u00e0 des fins militaires –projet ARPAnet<\/em>– va rapidement conduire la cr\u00e9ation d’internet, sous l’impulsion notamment de Joseph Licklider, ing\u00e9nieur et psychologue.
\nLe reste est histoire mieux connue, jalonn\u00e9e de personnages charismatiques comme Steve Jobs, Bill Gates Richard Stallman, Gordon Moore ou Linus Torvalds, sans n\u00e9gliger la dimension collective ayant permis l’\u00e9mergence des principales innovations \u00e9nonc\u00e9es.<\/p>\n

C’est toute cette longue saga, passionnante et plut\u00f4t bien \u00e9crite, que vous pouvez retrouver dans ce livre relativement copieux –600 pages<\/em>– et souvent passionnant !<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Parmi mes lectures en cours figure ce tr\u00e8s int\u00e9ressant et remarquablement instructif ouvrage, qui se lit comme un roman sans en \u00eatre tout-\u00e0-fait un : \u00ab\u00a0Les innovateurs\u00a0\u00bb, de Walter Isaacson. Il raconte \u00ab\u00a0comment un groupe de g\u00e9nies, hackers et geeks a fait la r\u00e9volution num\u00e9rique\u00a0\u00bb, au travers d’une suite de portraits de personnages plus ou […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":667,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[117,46,35],"class_list":["post-6517","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-lecture","tag-intelligence-artificielle","tag-logiciel","tag-ordinateur"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/latelierdediablotin.fr\/WordPress3\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6517","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/latelierdediablotin.fr\/WordPress3\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/latelierdediablotin.fr\/WordPress3\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/latelierdediablotin.fr\/WordPress3\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/667"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/latelierdediablotin.fr\/WordPress3\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6517"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/latelierdediablotin.fr\/WordPress3\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6517\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/latelierdediablotin.fr\/WordPress3\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6517"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/latelierdediablotin.fr\/WordPress3\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6517"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/latelierdediablotin.fr\/WordPress3\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6517"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}